Main Problems of Lexicology Essay

Lexicology is the study of vocalizes-their menanigs and relationships. * English verbiage is one of the most extensive amongst the worlds lang.contains an immense subject of articulates of forerign origin. * lexicology has to study the etymology of word,e.g.their origin, their development and function * And English is lang.which had changed a diff do in a short period of time * So, lexicology has to deal with each(prenominal) the changes in grammar and the vocabulary.WHY ARE WORDS BORROWED FROM 1 LANGUAGE INTO some unseasoned(prenominal) 2Borrowing is a consequence of cultural contact amidst twain style communities. Borrowing of words can go in both directions between the two languages in contact, solely frequently in that location is an asymmetry, such that much(prenominal) words go from one side to the other. In this case the source language community has some advantage of power, prestige and/or wealth that makes the objects and opinions it brings desirable and use ful to the borrowing language community. For example, the Germanic tribes in the offset printing few centuries A.D. squeezeed numerous loanwords from Latin as they adopted new products via trade with the Romans. Few Germanic words, on the other hand, passed into Latin.The actual routine of borrowing is complex and involves m both usage events (i.e. instances of use of the new word).Generally, some speakers of the borrowing language know the source language too, or at least enough of it to utilize the relevant word. They (often consciously) adopt the new word when speaking the borrowing language, because it most exactly fits the idea they atomic number 18 trying to express. If they are bilingual in the source language, which is often the case, they might pronounce the words the same or similar to the appearance they are pronounced in the source language. For example, English speakers adopted the word garage from cut, at first with a pronunciation nearer to the cut pronunciatio n than is now usually found. Presumably the very first speakers who apply the word in English knew at least some French and heard the word used by French speakers, in a French-speaking context.PHONETIC ADJUSTMENT OF BORROWED WORDS 3Purely phonic change involves no reshuffling of the contrasts of a phonologic sy floor. All phonologic systems are complex affairs with many small adjustments in phonics depending on phonetic environment, position in the word, and so on. For the most part, phonetic changes are examples of allophonic differentiation or assimilation, that is, sounds in specific environments acquire new phonetic features or perhaps lose phonetic features they master copyly had.Many phonetic changes provide the raw ingredients for later phonemic innovations. In Proto-Italic, for example, intervocalic */s/ became *z. This was a phonetic change, a mild and superficial complication in the phonological system only, further when this *z merged with */r/, the effect on the p honological system was greater.TRANSLATION LOANS 4By translation-loans (calques) we indicate borrowings of a extra benign. They are not taken into the vocabulary of another language more or less in the same phonemic shape in which they have been functioning in their own language, but undergo the process of translation. It is quite obvious that it is only compound words (i. e. words of two or more stems) which can be subjected to such an operation, each stem being translated separately masterpiece (from German Meisterstck), wonder child (from German Wunderkind), first dancer (from Italian prima-ballerina).ANTONYMS ACCORDING TO WORD DERIVATIONAL complex body part 5Derivational antonyms.The regular type of derivational antonyms contains negative prefixes dis-, il- /im-/in-/ir and un-. Other negative prefixes occur in this function only occasionally. forward-looking English prefers to form an antonym with the prefix un- the suffix less is mature and not productive anymore. In the ohmic resistances equivalent hopeful hopeless, useful delusive the suffix less is contrasting to the suffix -ful, not to the stem (otherwise the antonyms would be hope hopeless). E.g. selfish unselfish, not selfish selfishless.Derivational antonyms may be characterised as contradictory. A pair of derivational antonyms forms a binary opposition (complementary root antonyms). E.g. logical illogical, appear disappear. Not only words, but fixate expressions as well, can be grouped into antonymic pairs. E.g. by accident on purpose.BROADENING AND NARROWING 6Broadening of inwardness. This occurs when a word with a specific or limited meaning is widened. The widen process is technically called generalization. An example of generalization is the word business, which originally meant the state of being busy, careworn, or anxious, and was broadened to encompass all kinds of work or occupations. Another example of the broadening of meaning is pipe. Its earliest recorded meaning was a musical comedy tramp instrument. Nowadays it can denote any hollow unsubdivided cylindrical body (e. g. water pipes). This meaning developed through transportation based on the similarity of shape (pipe as a musical instrument is also a hollow oblong cylindrical object) which ultimately led to a considerable broadening of the range of meaning. Narrowing of meaning.This happens when a word with a general meaning is by degrees applied to something more more specific. The word litter, for example, meant originally ( in advance 1300) a bed, then gradually change down to bedding, then to animals on a bedding of straw, and finally to things upset about, odds and ends. . . . Other examples of specialization are deer, which originally had the general meaning animal, girl, which meant originally a young person, and meat, whose original meaning was food. We say that narrow takes place when a word comes to refer to only part of the original meaning. The history of the word hound in English neatly illustrates this process. The word was originally pronounced hund in English, and it was the generic word for any kind of dog at all. This original meaning is retained, for example, in German, where the word Hund but means dog. 7.Phraseological units are a kind of ready-made blocks which fit into the grammatical construction of a sentence performing a certain syntactical function, more or less as words do. EXP We never know the evaluate of water till the well is dry. You can take the horse to the water, but you cannot make him drink. Those who live in glass houses shouldnt throw stones.The first distinctive feature that strikes one is the obvious structural dissimilarity. If one compares proverbs and phraseological units in the semantic aspect, the difference seems to become obvious. Proverbs could be best compared with minute fables for, like the latter, they sum up the collective experience of the community. They moralize (Hell is paved with not bad(predicate) i ntentions), give advice (Dont judge a tree by its verbalise, give warning (If you sing before breakfast, you will cry before night), admonish (Liars should have good memories) No phraseological unit ever does any of these things. They do not stand for whole statements as proverbs do but for a single concept. Their function in speech is purely nominal (i. e. they denote an object, an act, etc.). The function of proverbs in speech, though, is communicative (i. e. they impart certain information).