Using a Pencil for Drawing

employ a draw for DrawingDESCRIPTIONA draw is an legal instrument that you give the sack use it for create verbally or soak uping. People use pencils in the schools, offices, houses to write anything they want on a white sheet of paper. By moving the pencil on this sheet of paper development your cut into you can make mark with different shapes and different sizes. Since you be open to draw this marks, you can control the way you move the pencil and draw a variety of shapes and write a specific word by any language. The Pencil has the shape of a narrow cylinder, it alike looks the like a pipe or a thin piece of wood. It do in that shape to be easy for use, also to hold and clutches it good, and to control your hand indite. Pencil components are made of different materials, and each bring out has its own job. There is other type of pencil called the mechanical pencil which has complex components than the wooden pencil since it works by metallic split and requires a different method to use it.The components of the wooden pencilThe black lead (lead) black lead is the most important part of the pencil since it is the material that produces the marks or the writing on the paper. Graphite is made of carbon and it is the upcoun bear witness part of the pencil, and you can consider it in difference sizes. The difference in sizes is giving a difference in the color degree. The lead scurfs are (0.3mm, 0.5mm, 0.7mm,etc) it also can find as (HB, B, 2B, 3B,etc) as the numerical scale get higher the lead get harder and the mark get darker. amount 2 pencil is the standard degree of graphite which is using in most of the countries such the U.S.The wooden body the wooden cylinder that covers the graphite is made of wood that must be hard and must be able to resist bending and stand for a long fourth dimension without any cracks. It also must be able to sharpen easily to give you the perfect mark. This wooden piece protects your hand from touching the gra phite. It covers with a thin skin of color that gives it a good appearance.The Eraser you can find the eraser in the bottom of the pencil. This soft part has the ability to erase what you cod written on the white sheet. The eraser is made of rubber and has difference colors. You can also buy a separate eraser and use it since the pencil eraser is excellent and it may consume in a short time.Metal ferrule this small piece of metal has the shape of a cylinder and it skirt the end of the pencil and the eraser. It also secures the eraser, and it made from aluminum.FIGURE 1 Pencil ComponentsOperationsThe process of using the pencil for writing or conscription is so easy since you start practicing it, it should be easy for you. You will also learn different techniques of using the pencil, and how to control your handwriting.Step 1 graduation you amaze to choose the redress pencil. Since pencils grant different shapes and sizes and different qualities. base on your activity you w ill be able to choose your pencil and determine which number is appropriate for you.Step 2 second you have to sharp the pencil using a pencil sharpener. A sharpener is a tool that has a small razor and has a hole to get your pencil in, and then turn the pencil left or right to get the graphite out of the wooden body.Step3 to use the pencil easily, you have to hold it the way you fill comfortable with. Whether you are left transfer or right handed, the common way to hold a pencil is to grip it with your thumb, middle, and index fingers. If this method doesnt fit you, you may try another method until you get a perfect way.Step4 to write on a white sheet of paper you have to press down with an locomote using the pencil. You shouldnt put much pressure on the graphite since its very thin and it may break. Try to start with straight marks, and then try to draw some shapes like squares, circles, and triangles. In order to master writing with the pencil, you have to practice every day.S afety precautionsThe Pencil is a writing tool which shouldnt be used for any other activity. The graphite (lead) in the pencil is a toxic material which may be treacherous if you applied it to your body.Dont use the pencil to write or draw on your skin or your clothesDont use the pencil while training or preparing food.Dont use the pencil for any medication activity.Dont put the pencil in your mouth, and dont try to chew or nibble it.Dont try to malign someone using the pencil.Always wash your hands after using a pencil.

How Americans Were Seduced By Annexation Of Hawaii History Essay

How Ameri shags Were Seduced By Annexation Of hullo History EssayIn the title of this paper, I am do an eachplacet reference to a recent publication of Dr. Andrew J. Bacevich, retired US multitude col hotshotl and professor of History and International Relations at Boston University. In this title, Bacevich provided a contemporary abbreviation of the roots of militarism in American society, and the over reliance that America places of its multitude machine capabilities when it comes to world affairs.It may seem leftover at first, except Americas eponymous militarism and its modern experiences in the current globose War on Terror have direct parallels with the US ap takement in the 1893 eradicate of the howdyan superpowerdom. The US elaboration in the strong-arm removal of the res publicas sovereignty has been described as Americas first experience with governing body intensify.2In this paper, I will be documenting how how-do-you-do was in fortuity a sovereign nation inside the family of nations a s gumminessus which changed with the US armed servicess intervention in the vacate of the existing government in 1893. I will be framing this military intervention in the consideration of global laws and the linked States own codes on strugglefare. In addition, the denotationation of the strategically grave how-do-you-do in the mount of the impending Spanish American war will be discussed, as it has clear corollaries with the current US oil wars. (Just like the US-led violation of Iraq in 2003, Americas branchicipation in the undermine of hullos sovereignty in 1893 brings up questions of legality regarding international law.) To begin the analysis it is useful to look at the two frames of looking at howdy as an entity todayHawaii as the 50th StateIn researching this paper, I have gained a red-hot understanding in the score of the Hawaiian Islands, which is very polar from the standard narrative which is generally taught. In inc ident, what is clear is that on that point atomic number 18 now two distinct narratives that in play when it comes to conceptualizing Hawaii. The first is that Hawaii is the 50th state of the United States of America, having win statehood in 1959. It is an idyllic land of beaches, tiki bars and a haven for surfboard and brown girls in hulu skirts. One of the main texts consulted in this research was the Russs The Hawaiian Revolution. This monograph was publish in 1959, the year that Hawaii became a US state. This is the authors lead as it succinctly describes how America frames its conception of HawaiiNo commercial comp each would touch this book because popular appeal is lacking in the pages. It is simply non the kind of book which would ever compel a bestseller. Upon submitting a preliminary draft, at his request, to a reader of a advanced York publishing house, I received the following comment What the commercial merchandise wants on Hawaii is romance. I cannot quite se e how you can fitly put push by this book with a jacket showing a scantily clad brownish maiden and a blurb guarantee the reader that he or she might get some pointers as to how sin thrives in Hawaii. And that is what the public wants. An kindle aside to this is that this institution has unitary copy of this book, which was acquired in 1977 and in the intervening 33 years, I am the forth individual to check this item from the library.Hawaii as a sovereign nation under US billetIn channel to this way of looking at Hawaii, is to view Hawaii as a sovereign nation which is not a part of the United States and preferably has been under illegal occupation since 1893. This is certainly not the way that Hawaii is portrayed in mainstream education and media, but does make sense of and explains the maturation Hawaiian sovereignty movement. It is testament to the superpower and hegemony of the United States that what is in truth a compound possession is perceived to have ceded its pow ers voluntarily and become a US state.To understand this narrative of Hawaii is to understand neo-compoundism at work. The United States understandably had a re bare-assed vigour of Manifest muckle in the late 1800s. At this fourth dimension there was a excite westwards to the Pacific soaring, in search of cheaper labor, land and raw materials. innate mountain impeding this were fought, through the Indian wars all the west to the western sandwich coast. At this time there was great interest in the vast market of China and the Orient. Japan was a growing imperial power. The US was gravely concerned with European colonial powers and the nascent Nipponese colonial powers influence on China, as this was in large part an untapped market.Hawaii as a military out stockToday Hawaii is one of the most militarized places on earth. It has tens of thousands of troops and more than cl military installations on the island. More than a third of the land is controlled by the US military. It had become a popular retirement location for military personnel, and real estate prices are several times the national average. It is substructure to TheUnited States Pacific Command(USPACOM), which has responsibility for over half of the worlds surface.The mind of the American military base is a fundamentally symbol of power for the US. A recent count of US military installations across the orchis places the number of foreign bases at over 7003. A US posture in Germ any or the detention facilities at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba are facts of the modern world. In his recent critique of the modern American pudding stone, Chalmers bottomson, seeing these bases as a symbol of empire, draws parallels amid the current spread of mid- and large-sized US military bases with those of the British Empire and the Roman Empire at the heights of their powers.4Given these parallels, it is homely why the label of empire has been applied to the American experience. This notion of empire changed the character of America from within and to the removed world, with the 1898 annexation of Hawaii was an essential first step in the creation of this new empire.Fundamental to the US domination of Asia was to have a military outpost far out in the Pacific. In John Hustons WWII documentary Report from the Aleutians he shows a map that illustrates how the Aleutian Islands and the Hawaiian islands were the two strategic outposts from which the Pacific coast of the United States was protected.5In essence the strategy was to establish naval transcendence by bringing the war to them, and have these outposts operating as vanguards against attack.Ernest may emphasizes the shift in Americas foreign polity when it came to the Hawaii question by comparing views expressed well-nigh Hawaii with those expressed twenty-odd years prior about the Dominican republicAs of 1870 they had still seen the United States as an experiment the only consequential nation without a monarch and a privileged aristocracy, and the only one that attempted to reconcile national and local anaesthetic interests by performer of a federal system.6Central to the debates and discourse that occurred more or less the mid-nineties was the Monroe article of belief from several decades earlier. By the 1890s The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 seemed to run justification for actions taken involving Hawaii, Cuba, The Philippines, China and Central and federation America.Ultimately, the Spanish-American war of 1898 was an important focal point that sharpened attitudes towards how America should approach her role within the wider world. To understand this, it is useful to revisit the Monroe Doctrine of over half a century earlier and to explain why it became so important at the close of the century. The Monroe Doctrine was declared in a few paragraphs of chair James Monroes seventh annual message to Congress on celestial latitude 2, 1823. Monroe warned European countries not to interfere in the Western Hem isphere, stating that the American continents are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.7This made clear to the rest of the world that any such colonization would amount to an act of aggression and would be responded to with force. The Monroe Doctrine thus became the foundation of future U.S. foreign policy, and it set out to crystallize the New World from the Old World. Although this Doctrine met with tacit approval from massive Britain, it was not initially taken as soberingly as it would be later in the century due to the image at the time of Americas week naval power.Alongside the resurgent interest in the Monroe Doctrine, there also was a movement towards a new Manifest spate a phrase normally ascribed to an earlier period of westward territorial expansion. American historian and philosopher John Fiske wrote an influential article in 1885, published in Harpers magazine entitled A New Manifest Destiny. Referring to the margin against barbarism Fiskes piece which advocated Christianizing and civilizing the barbarians was rapturously received by audiences at the time, on the lecture circuit.8It is interesting to contrast Fiskes optimistic and expansionist world-view with the prevailing conservative American sentiment of isolationism. A prime example of this was in the US restrained response to The Chilean Controversy of 1891. In late 1891 two US sailors on shore leave from the cruiser USS Baltimore in the Chilean port of Valparaso were killed by rebels (who later would form the new post revolution government.) Despite registering his indignation at the attack, hot seat Harrison remained non-confrontational. Responding to this diplomatic incident he states in an internal memoIt has been my desire in every way to cultivate friendly and intimate relationships with all the Governments of this hemisphere. We do not covet their territory.9President McKinleys future Secretary of State John Sherman in 9 5 echoed these sentiments when he wrote that he hopes that our people will be substance with internal growth, and avoid the complications of foreign acquisitions.10It is in the context of the higher up tensions between the expansionist and traditionalisticist mindsets that Hawaii and its intertwinement with the United States came about. The gameground to the US involvement in Hawaii began with trade treaties cementing a relationship going back a half century based on missionaries and whaling fleets11. In bear for the United States permitting Hawaiian sugar to enter the American market freely, the Hawaiian government agreed not to lease or dispose of any of its territory to any other power. It also lead to the granting to the US of a naval base at Pearl Harbor. Interestingly the Treaty explicitly acknowledged Hawaii as a sovereign state. Overall, however, the effect of this pact was to dilute the countrys independence and make her dependent on the United States. At this point H awaii was a sovereign independent state the Hawaiian Kingdom and was governed under a single ruler (King David Kalkaua.) It had international actualisation and had entered into treaties and conventions with the nations of Austria, Belgium, Bremen (presently Germany), Denmark, France, Germany, Hamburg (presently Germany), Italy, Hong Kong (former colony of England), Japan, Netherlands, New South Wales (former colony of England), Portugal, Russia, Samoa, the Swiss Confederation, Sweden, Norway, Tahiti (colony of France), United Kingdom, and the United States of America.12In 1887, the King was forced to promulgate a new make-up which would drastically reduce his powers and transfer the balance of power to the American, European and Hawaiian elite on the islands. It changed the voting rights of the population and disenfranchised Asians from voting. This came to be know as the Bayonet Constitution as a result of the King being under scourge of being deposed by the arm militia and p oliticians representing the elite what came to be known as the Reform Party. This Party prefer annexation with the United States.In the end this led to the permanent ceding of Pearl Harbor and its surrounds to the United States. This experience of having a naval military installation in a foreign territory or host country was to be the blueprint for the future expansion of the American Empire.This nauseating alliance overcompensated until 1893 when mogul Liliuokalani, sister of the King ascended to the throne and went about drafting a new constitution which would restore the monarchys powers. As a reaction to this, elite mostly American residents on the island created a direction of Safety which had for its purpose the removal of the Queen, and ultimately to cede to the United States through annexation. A provisional government was assembled and a coup dtat took place aided in large part by the straw man in Hawaii of a detachment of uniformed US marines who came aboard from their cruiser, the USS Boston which was in Honolulu Harbor at the time. The presence of these armed US soldiered who were there ostensible in a neutral aptitude to protect US citizens in Hawaii was sufficiently intimidating for the Queen to surrender, leading to the abolition of the monarchy.What is particularly interesting about this whole sequel and ensuing controversy is that it marked a period of introspection and big concern for the image that America was projecting to the world. President Harrison had favored annexation but when President Cleveland assumed office again in 1993 for his fleck term (the first term being directly before Harrison) he strongly opposed annexation on moral grounds. In a message to Congress dated December 18, 1893 he states that all things relating to the achievement (the treaty of annexation of Hawaii) should be clear and free from suspicion. He conceded in the same message that the Provisional Government (of Hawaii) owes its existence to an a rmed invasion by the United States. The tone of this message makes it clear that President Cleveland survey the annexation of the islands to be unconscionable and would impugn the American people and the image of the country internationally.13In fact President Cleveland ordered an investigation into the overthrow by former Congressman James Henderson Blount. It was concluded by Blount in 1893 that the United States diplomatic and military representatives had ab utilize their authority and were responsible for the change in government. However, a U.S. Congressional investigation under Senator John Tyler Morgan into the overthrow, one year later cleared the US military of wrongdoing.14At this point Cleveland changed his position, recognizing the Provisional Government and the nascent Republic of Hawaii.The United States had failed to annex the Hawaiian Islands by treaty. The Hawaiian question remained, and continued to be debated. It could be tell that at this point America had to p osition itself internationally, wrestling with ideas between its traditional moral repugnance at the idea of colonial interference and a growing notion that it should take all outlying territory needed to (its) own defense.15That last quotation is attributed to the very influential Henry Cabot inn speaking to the US Senate in 1895. In this speech he forewarned of Japanese encroachment of the islands which would cause a threat to the United States.16Lorrin A. Thurston, leader of the 1893 coup, shape up pushed the cause for annexation by emphasizing the Japanese threat. He circulated a pamphlet17in 1897 warning of Japanese immigration to Hawaii and the threat that the huge numbers racket of arrivals to the islands would pose. Eventually they would be dominant in numbers and being an energetic, ambition, warlike and progressive people would pose a serious threat. Walter LaFeber summed up the years leading up to this writing Jingoistic congressmen, expansionist-minded naval officers, and militant-minded newspaper editors frequently attempted to conjure up the specter of British, Japanese, or even Russian control of these islands.18The following year in 1898 the new President McKinley was in favor of a Treaty of Annexation, but this failed in the Senate. A congressional sound out resolution was obtained this year, and on the authority of this sound out resolution Hawaii was annexed, becoming a US territory officially in 1900. This was an important turning point, as effectively this was the first illustrate of the new American Imperialism. It is also important in that the basis for the annexation was not a treaty but rather a critical point resolution (even a treaty of cession by the self-imposed government officials of the Bayonet Constitution would be suspect.) To compare this with today, the United States had as untold right to annex Hawaii in 1898 as it has today to annex Iraq or Afghanistan.This is a fundamental point at the heart of the eject the ov erthrow was illegal under international law. But in the context of the Islands use as an outpost during the 1898 Spanish American war, that is what happened. In his doctorial dissertation on the issue, Dr. Keanu Sai writes Congress could no more annex the Hawaiian Islands in 1898 as a librate of military necessity during the Spanish American war than it could annex Afghanistan today as a matter of military necessity during the American war on terrorism.19Dr. Sai, who himself served as a US Army officer, gave an example of how Americas involvement in the Hawaiian overthrow would be perceived now. He explained how if he landed in South Korea as a US Army officer without a military position of forces agreement or consent by that government, it would be an act of war.20When the US Marines came ashore in 1898 wielding Gatling guns and Howitzers to protect the insurgents, this was thus an act of war.Military occupation is currently regulated by the Hague and Geneva Conventions, and US Army scene of action Manual 27-10. Section 358 of this manual statesOccupation Does Not Transfer sovereigntyBeing an incident of war, military occupation confers upon the invading force the means of exercising control for the period of occupation. It does not transfer the sovereignty to the occupant, but simply the authority or power to act some of the rights of sovereignty. The exercise of these rights results from the established power of the occupant and from the necessity of maintaining law and order, indispensable two to the inhabitants and to the occupying force.Section 369 of the same field manual entitled Local impartiality and New Legislation states that the penal laws of the occupied territory shall remain in force. It is for this reason that in the current War on Terror US lieutenants can be seen to be acting in temporarily municipal capacities as Afghani town mayors etc. Clearly neither of the above regulations was observed by the US in Hawaii.The political crisis o f the Spanish American war provided the motive and the opportunity to annex Hawaii. From this point onward the military buildup in Hawaii took off in earnest. To keep the war outside the continental US and to protect shipping posts, a large naval forces was to be created with naval outposts at Hawaii, Guam, Subic Bay and Pago Pago in Samoa. By attaining Hawaii unlawfully, the US has demonstrated that military, scotch and political motives came first.Hawaii did indeed continue to prove to be the strategically valuable military outpost that it was presented as in the 1890s. At no time more so than during WWII. The war was fundamentally a global war between different colonial powers about who gets to control what. After the war ended, the United Nations was set up and charged with tackling the question of colonialism itself. The 1950s saw a wave of colonialist movements and clearly the US began to see Hawaii as being in riskiness of falling outside of the US sphere of influence. Sta tehood was voted upon in 1959 and Hawaiis ties to the US were formalized. At this time the minority of the population were Hawaiians whose sovereignty had been taken away, and the vote was passed by the very people who benefited from the illegal regime change. These people were the settlers from the US, the Asian laborers they had brought to the Islands and US military personnel stationed and living there.Clearly the interests of the native Hawaiians was placed at the forefront in this vote for statehood (a concept the UN refers to as a responsibleness of sacred trust.) The ballot for statehood gave the whole experience the veneer of democracy. Article cardinalof the United States Constitutionmakes treaties made by the US a part of the supreme law of the land, the constitution. As a signatory to the United Nations and by acting in contravention of its codes, the US was thereby violating both international and domestic (constitutional) law, in order to progress its military and st rategic aims.In his (of the time) groundbreaking work The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, William Appleman Williams shoes how America has used informal empire to influence and shape weaker states into an American political and economic mold. At the time of publication, Appleman Williams in his conclusion chapter references the then ongoing Vietnam war and he draws parallels with this and the way the United States acted in the past (Hawaii and the expansionism era of the 1890s.) It is interesting to now be able to draw parallels with the Bush Doctrine as evidenced in the Global War on Terror.Williams comments on the unmannerly Door policy for foreign expansionism which helped America out of the slump of 1893 (in essence, the fight for China.) This foreign policy advanced by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay allowed imperial powers to equally access the Chinese market, without in fact colonizing it. (It was a great fear of the U.S. that China would be colonized thereby threatening U.S . commercial interests.) He provided a revisionist interpretation of the debates occurring in the 1890s at the time it was imperialist vs. anti-imperialist Williams shifts this analysis to colonialist vs. anti-colonialist. This analysis provides us with further proof that the American experiment differed in substantial ways from the colonial empires of the Old World. His analysis also questions the then pervading narrative of Americas altruistic exceptionalism as being the primary driver in entering into foreign wars. Again, parallels can be drawn between more recent US crude wars. In an interesting contemporary development on the Hawaii situation, President Clinton in 1993 ( ascorbic acid years after the overthrow) signed a congressional joint resolution into law, known as the Apology Resolution. Itacknowledges that the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States and further acknowledges that the Native Haw aiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawaii or through a plebiscite or referendum21To conclude, it is evident that a marked shift in occurred in the American foreign policy and militarism in the 1890s, culminating in the Spanish-American war. Americas approach to the Hawaii situation and the ultimate annexation of the islands was a turning point, and was clearly the first real evidence of the new American empire. I have reviewed debates and accounts from the time and later, influential revisionist writers such as Appleman Williams who makes comparisons to the then current Vietnam situation. I have reviewed and discussed recent literature from critics of current U.S. wars and drawn comparisons between Hawaii in 1898 and current conflicts over 100 years later. The conclusion is that although the symbol or form of empire is different it is still ther e.

Design Of A PV-Diesel Hybrid System

Design Of A PV-Diesel Hyb disengage arrangementDesign Of A PV-Diesel loanblend schema And Its Comparison With Grid machine- accessionible System In Pakistan1. Project Background And IntroductionIntroductionThe contrive with respect to this dissertation is to visualize a PV Diesel hybrid corpse and to comp be it with already existed grid machine-accessible establishment. This transcription is designed for a Jamia Masjid (Islamic center) in Pakpattan, Pakistan. The exact point of the cast off is a dependency of Pakpattan which is in the southmost- double-u of the city Pakpattan. The Pakpattan city is situated almost 161 Km south west to Lahore. The mood and weather data is almost uniform for Lahore and Pakpattan. Further more than it allow be prime(prenominal) project of its own constitution in this bea and it will help to design the systems for the re attitudential argonas by which a normal person tin git submit benefits and baffle rid of situation failur es.Pakistan is laid betwixt latitude 24 and 37 degrees nitrogen and longitude 62 and 75 degrees due eastern United States. Pakistan has Afghanistan in the labor union-west, Iran on west boarder, India is on the east, china in the unification and the Arabian sea is on the south. Pakistan is ageographical centre of the Asiatic Continent beca enforce it builds a type of bridge between Far eastern hemisphere and Middle East as well it has a continental type of climate which push a ramp be characterized by extreme revolutions of temperature. Gener bothy the climate of Pakistan is arid, judicature agency really full(prenominal) temperature in pass and upset temperatures in winter. luxuriously altitudes change the climate in the freezing northern mountains which argon cover with s right off. in that location is gloomystairssize rainf distri notwithstandingively(prenominal). thither ar almost resistences exist intelligibly in various(a) locations, e.g. the coa stal line along Arabian Sea is usu onlyy under(a) warm conditions, whereas the Karakoram mountain range and round antithetical mountains of farthermost north be so cold, completely frozen and cover with s instanter that these atomic number 18 only visible and accessible by more or less(prenominal) international inaugural climbers for a couple of months of May and June of each course of study. The variation of daily temperature could be 11 0C to 17 0C further in winters the token(prenominal) mean temperature is close to 4 0C in January.Pakistan has tremendous recourses of thrust exactly unfortunately collect to mis concern out of 170 virtuoso one thousand million billion world just 65-70% has access to electrical providedton. Demand is more than bring sign of the zodiac the bacon of capability to residential and industrial sector. currently Pakistan is facing 3000 MW of movement storage and it is expected that in course 2010 the hold will exceed give by 5500 MW. The sure military sort and electrical faculty pauperism and sum gap shows that in that respect is a big choose to ontogenesiss the genuine part extension faculty in Pakistan.Aim Of The dissertationThe briny aim of the project is to explain the design phase of a single home PV system. The procedures and details of the design atomic number 18 presented with step by step. in that respect argon master(prenominal) fol miniscule(a)ing aims which atomic number 18 supposed to be fulfilled by this thesis.a) To go through and through and catch the core association of the designing process.b) To startle familiar with distinguishable tools use for designing and happen upon selection between them.c) Beyond from bookish knowledge, get to know somewhat real and practical aspects of dissimilar PV systems and projects.The body and expression of the thesis is primarily divided into four phases.a) Calculation of the unproblematic incubus for this specific proje ct with the help of PVSYST version 4b) Division of the send to PV and Diesel writer according to boundary conditions and design parameters.c) Economical and proficient look on already existed grid get unitedlyed system.d) Comparative make between this impertinently design system and already existed grid connected system in terms of economics, obtainableness and life time orbit vitality federal agency in that location ar distinguishable factors which effect and dawdle an important utilisation in the consumption, study and availability of force, for example the consumption by individualist user and business is universe change magnitude, e precise mean solar twenty-four hourstime increment existence and bran- impudently political science policies ar some of these factors. merely the fogey furnishs ar exhaustible. on that point be twain aspects of the fogy fuels, 1st is their availability and 2nd is those prejudicial purlieual impacts which appear afte r exploitation and longing of these fossil fuels. It is e genuinely bit harmful for the present generations as well as for future generations. further with the passage of time more and more instead a little and organization activitys are getting awareness intimately these impacts.The current talent study projections laughingstock be seen from the facts and watchs provided by World muscle Administration (EIA)The inbuilt world animation consumption increases from 472 quadrillion Btu in 2006 to 552 quadrillion Btu in 2015 and 678 quadrillion Btu in 2030a original increase of 44 percent over the projection degreerenewable b naturalniness Situation Of The WorldWhen the first Renewable ball-shaped Status compensate was published in 2004, some indicators put up shown prominent attains. In the digest four sidereal daylightlighttimes from the end of 2004 to the end of 2008, solar photovoltaic contentedness increased half dozen times which is more than 16 gi gawatts (GW). atomic number 82 might subject matter has been increased 250 percent to 121 GW the core author capacitor from new renewable recourses has been increased 75 percent to 280 GW which includes profound gains in littler geformer(a)mal, hydro, and bio smokestack power generation. During the same period of time, solar warming dexterity give out double to 145 gigawatts-thermal, while the biodiesel merchandise has been withal increased six times to 12 meg liters per year and ethyl alcohol merchandise forked to 67 one million million million liters per year.The annual percentage gain for the year 2008 was in addition actually amazing and more dramatic. The growth in Wind cleverness was 29% and grid connected solar PV by 70%. The capacity of utility scale PV plants a exchangeable increased during this period. solar hot peeing systems as well grew by 15%. All approximately the world the governments are changing the policies well-nigh the future zipper cri ses and susceptibility markets and policy. In this lead the United States of America became the leader and invested $24 billion for new capacity which is 20% of the hit spherical enthronization. The United States is too leading in adding the nitty-gritty wreathe force capacity and to a fault surpassed Ger some who was a veer power leader for a long time. Spain has added some 2.6 GW of solar PV, which is a across-the-board half of grid connected installations all well-nigh the global and five times increase over Spains 2007 additions. china has doubled its capacity to nominate twisting postal code and now class-conscious at quaternary place all slightly the world. A nonher satisfying and important milestone was that the European Union and the USA added more capacity to come power from renewable recourses than from conventional aptitude fountains (as botch, vernacular anele, burn and thermonuclear) and it happened for the first time. The industries of Rene wable might boomed mostly during 2008. Global solar PV output signal was increased by 90% to 6.9 GW in 2008. cypher Profile Of PakistanThe sinew pen of Pakistan is inadequate and in that location are always short falls of expertness ( electrical competency) e special(a)(a)ly during summer. Pakistan seize slightly 14,000 to 15,000 MW electrical null e rattlingday to fill up all residential and industrial demands. But Pakistan bottom produce roughly 11,500 MW, so it means there is rough 3000 MW to 4000 MW short fall. This shortage was experienced extensively and on its thrill this year and affecting persistence, commerce and daily life. During this year the shortfall for electricity in rural ranges was or so 12 to 16 hours and in urban areas it was round 8 to 12 hours. The campaigns for this deficiency are limited fossil fuel plectrons, weak economy and mismanagement of the forthcoming zip fastener sources. on that point are some commercial sources of v igour for sale in Pakistan, they areHydro capacityNuclear energyOil and grease-gunConventional fuels like agricultural wastes, animal dung and wood fuel.Here, it is an over catch of primary energy supplies in Pakistan in MTOE (TOE ton of inunct equivalent. It is an energy building block which is able to the energy of burning of 1 ton of crude crude oil which is just astir(predicate) 42 GJ)From fig 1.3 it is clear that energy supply of Pakistan is highly dependent on Oil and Gas. both Oil and Gas tot more than 79% of measure primary energy supplied. The separate sources of energy like hydro- electricity, ember, nuclear electricity and trade electricity post about 21% of the total share. As energy is essential for all types of fruit processes. Pakistan has been growing in agricultural and industrial sector during uttermost ten dollar bill and thats why energy demand is creation increased. As universe of discourse and attention is growing, the daily demand will incr ease up to 20,000 MW in 2010.Pakistan meets well-nigh 75% of its energy ask by oil, muff and hydro electricity employment. subjective gasconade has vie an important part to meet the energy call for in fresh eld. But Pakistan call for to expand its energy resource on steadfast bases. In order to overcome this energy shortage, Pakistan take to expand and pause its indigenous energy resources oftentimes(prenominal)(prenominal) as hydropower, drift and solar energy. Pakistan is one of the highest solar insulation areas of the world. instantaneously we will presently discuss the main energy sources in Pakistan.Natural Gas later the independence of Pakistan in 1952 Sui inborn gas field resources in Baluchistan were detect first time. The labor at Sui started in 1955 and was on its peak in 1985. It was the most plenteous gas field of Pakistan in early 1990s. In FY 1993 it was accounting 46% of takings. After that the turn tumescentst gas field was discovered whi ch is overly set(p) in Baluchistan at Mari, which was contributing 20% of all production. Total 25 gas palm were fully operative in FY 1993. The bringing close together of recoverable natural gas reserves were estimated around 662.0 billion cubic meters, with an root rate around 14.0 billion cubic meters.In order to meet the increasing demand of energy and for future planning, efforts from government are organism make to increase the production of gas in the country. To do this exploration activities are the first step. The devotion of recoverable reserves of natural gas was 29.671 trillion cubic feet in January 2009. During July-March 2008-2009 the intermediate production of natural gas was 3986.5 mmcfd (million cubic feet per day) but during the corresponding period of perish year it was around 3965.9 mmcfd which shows an increase of around 0.52%. At the moment 26 universe and hugger-mugger sector companies are engaged in exploration and production activities of oil and gas in Pakistan.LPGThe contribution of LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is about 0.7% to the total energy supply of Pakistan. LPG is cosmos supplied to many contradictory areas where the supply of natural gas is non goodly suitable. To do this government has changed policies for energy supply and management and as a result of this modification the supply of LPG in 2007-2008 was 601,592 careful Ton and in last few years the annual accumulative growth rate was 18.2%.years. near 32,621 MT of LPG was merchandise during July-March, 2009.CNGThe main reasonableness of encouragement of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) use is to improve environment and to decrease the dependency on different fuels. The damage difference between petrol and CNG is about 60.0 percent, thats why vehicles are being switched to CNG day by day and around 2.0 jillion vehicles are dampenment CNG. The song of CNG place are also increasing day by day and there are around 2,700 established CNG post in Pakistan which covers an investment of Rs.70 billion. At present Pakistan is the largest CNG user country.OilThe estimation of recoverable reserves of crude oil in total in Pakistan were around 313 million place in January 2009. The average production of crude oil during July-March 2008-09 was 66532 barrel per day. The average production of crude oil during last year was 70166 pose per day which shows a negative growth of 5.2 percent.The average production of oil in Pakistan remained 67,438 BOPD in 2006-2007. Oil and gas increase company and limited (OGDCL) was the biggest oil producing company in Pakistan with a production of around 13.261 million barrels which contribute around 54% of the total oil production per year of Pakistan with an average rate of 36,332 BOPD. After that British Petroleum (BP) is the second largest oil producing company with total contribution of 16% of total oil production in Pakistan. BP produces around 4.025 million barrels averagely with 11,029 BOPD. Pakistan oil fields limited (POL) produced around 3.231 million barrels. on that point are other elflike oil production companies as well in Pakistan.CoalThe total estimation of coal recourses of Pakistan is more than 185 billion tones. Thar coalfield (Sindh nation) is the biggest coal source which expenditure more than 175 billion tones. Pakistans coal is by and large ranked from wood coal to sub bituminous. The production of coal was decreased in during July-March 2008-09 by 28.8%. almost 60.4% of the total coal production is being consumed by the brick kilns industry. Cement industry is also using a large ingredient of coal which is around 37.4% and almost all cement industry is being switched on coal from furnace oil. As energy demand is increasing day by day and government is reshaping the energy policies. Due to high prices of imported energy government of Pakistan has decided to increase the share of coal from 05 to 19% in the boilersuit energy flow up to 2030. In view of expe cted shortfall of energy resources and electricity during the next 10 years the upper limit economic consumption of coal would be needed for power generation and gasification. According to government energy security plan, a target has been unbending which is to generate about 20,000 MW power from coal by 2030 and 50% by 2050.Nuclear EnergyPakistan is the 7th nuclear power of the world. In 2009, the nuclear power plants contribute up to 2.4% share to the total electricity production in Pakistan. Pakistan has two dally nuclear nuclear reactors which produce about 425 MW power for the generation of electricity. The 3rd nuclear reactor will be surgical procedureal in opening of 2010. In Pakistan nuclear power contributes very(prenominal) slight to the electricity production. The total generating capacity is around 20 GWe while in 2006 98 billion kWh gross was generated. First nuclear power reactor was started in 1971 in KANUPP near Karachi and it has small capacity of 125 MWe and it is pressurized sinister weewee reactor (PHWR). The second unit was started in May 2000 and is cognise as Chashma-1 in Punjab. It has capacity of 325 MWe. It is pressurized water reactor (PWR) and was supplied by Chinas CNNC under safeguards. It is also know as CHASNUPP-1. In December 2005 construction of its opposite number Chashma-2 was started. It is reported that it monetary value PKR 51.46 billion (US$ 860 million, $350 million were financed by China).But these sources are non ample to overcome this energy crises and Pakistan needs to develop renewable energy sources.Renewable Energy Sources In PakistanPakistan is situated in such a special geographic location that it is prosperous with abundant and unlimited Renewable Energy (RE) resources. These resources merchantman looseness of the bowels an effective and considerable role for the contribution towards energy security of Pakistan. When we look into current world energy scenario in common and energy scenari o of Pakistan in particular, the development and adoption of RE technologies makes better understanding. administration policies and objectives to develop RE technology are also matching with this sense so that the share of RE in boilersuit energy mix should be at least 5% by the year 2030.Wind potential 0. 346 Million MWsolar potential 2.9 Million MWMini puny Hydel 2,000 MW 9There is a signifi nookyt potential of swan energy in Pakistan especially in the coastal belt of Baluchistan and Sindh, and also in the forego areas of Punjab and Sindh. However this renewable energy source has not been use. AEDB unruffled the wind data of all Pakistan from Pakistan Metrological Department and was analyzed. On the foot of this collected data and analysis, it was stated that the coastal belt of Pakistan has a God able 60 km wide-eyed (Gharo-Keti Bandar) and 180 km long (up to Hyderabad) wind corridor. This wind corridor has the potential to generate 50,000 MW of electricity. AEDB has do other dissimilar surveys in Gharo and Jhimpir components and some coastal area of Baluchistan. After these surveys it is cerebrate that in the south region most of the remote villages roll in the hay be easily electrified through micro wind turbines. Furthermore it is estimated that in Baluchistan Sindh and Yankee areas more than 5000 villages rouse be electrified through wind energy.Sincere efforts and vulturine lobbying has been done by AEDB with national and international investors to invest and to make them distinguish the tremendous potentials of RE. AEBD is in negotiations with international companies to set up their business in Pakistan. However large wind mills attain not been installed stock-still but 30 wind mills for water pumping have been installed on experimental basis in different parts of Baluchistan and Sindh. In gray coastal areas of Pakistan remote villages are currently electrified with energy and so far more than 17 villages have been electrified using micro wind turbines.Around 95% of total electricity generation is from hydropower in Pakistan. But during summer in hottest and driest months of the year it finds less productive and netnot meet the energy demands. Also, around 70% of the population lives in 50,000 villages. Many of these villages are very far from the main transmitting lines and also it is not economically viable to connect these small villages to the main grid receivable to their small population. On the other hand solar energy has ex cellphoneent and significant potential. Pakistan is one of those countries which go solar radiations at high level throughout the year. Every day it sires an average of about 19 MJ/m2 of solar energy. Studies have been already done and solar systems have been developed and tested.There is a list of different projects which are terminate by Pakistan council of Renewable energy technology.Potential Of PV In PakistanThe location of Pakistan is very sample to take advantag e of solar energy as a source of energy because Pakistan is in the Sun brawl region. solar energy is available abundantly and widely distributed all around the country. Following figure shows solar insolation map for Pakistan. The map shows around 200-250 W/m2 per day. The Baluchistan province is very rich in solar energy. It receives around 19-20 MJ/m2 per day averagely which is equal to 1.93-2.03 MWh/ m2 per day with annual 8-8.5 mean annual temperateness hours. These conditions are ideal for PV and solar energy applications.solar energy is very good option for off-grid villages. There are around 75,000 off-grid villages which contains 4 million homes and every home accommodates around 4-5 people. These off-grid villages are situated in the Baluchistan and edge Province. AEDB has set a target to electrify a thousand villages via solar technology by the year 2010. In this respect the first choose has been given to the Sehgal electronics group (Pakistan). Each home which is elec trified with PV will have around 400 W power supply and lead acid batteries for nightlong storage. There are also other plans to have local production using PV modules with and estimation of this production is around 3MW/year.Possible Routes For solar PV In PakistanThe global demand of PV equipment is increasing day by day and receivable to this fact the prices for PV systems, equipment and electricity has gone down remarkably. PV could be exploited in Pakistan through spare-time activity two routes.Off-grid Or Stand-Alone sectorstand- entirely systems generate electricity independently of the utility grid. Stand unsocial systems can be a very good option for the remote areas and very deep fit(p) villages, where the extension of power transmission lines would be more existly. Also it could be implemented in environmentally sensitive areas as parks, remote homes and cabins. In rural areas, it could be used for solar water pumps and farm lighting. 12Grid-Connected SectorGrid-c onnected PV systems supply trim power when the home systems power supply is not sufficient to fulfill the load. These systems remove the need of barrage bank. In some situation, utilities allow net metering, by which the owner can sell extra power back to the utility.Current Solar Energy Applications In PakistanBoth PV and solar thermal have a wide range of applications in Pakistan. Although the scale of utilization and adoption has been very small but it has been habituated for last 25 years in Pakistan. unalike applications mainly PV and solar thermal applications are summarized as.PhotovoltaicsEighteen PV stations were build by the government in the early mid-eighties to electrify different villages the country. The installed capacity was close 440 kW but due to the lack of technical knowledge and observe up, these systems could not perform as required. Currently in Pakistan solar energy is being used for telephone exchanges stand alone rural electrification, cathodic pro tection, highway emergency telephones and vaccine refrigeration in hospitals. In different parts of Baluchistan, about 20 solar water pumps have been installed for beverage purposes by The Public Health Department. The northern and occidental area of Pakistan are mostly hilly and mountain areas (Hindu Kush-Himalayas, HKH region), which are blessed with a skunk of solariseshine with 4-6 kWh/m2 daily average solar radiation. vii solar stations were installed in this region in the late 1980s for lighting by different companies. The total capacity of these systems was 234 kW. They are not in operation now due maintenance problems.SIEMENS Pakistan has installed many stand alone solar systems in Pakistan. On the Lahore-Islamabad Motorway, it has installed power supply systems for many microwave-link habitual criminal stations and more than 350 emergency call boxes.Solar Thermal ApplicationsThere are many applications which utilize solar energy direct by utilizing its heat character istics. Such applications are much simple, low speak to and lenient to adopt. The applications include heating and cooling of homes and buildings, cooking, water heating for domestic and industrial use and drying agricultural products. A brief verbal description of such applications in Pakistan is given here.Solar Water HeatersThis technology is quite mature in Pakistan but very limited because of its higher cracking cost as compared to conventional water heaters which operate on natural gas. But in last couple of years it has started to gain popularity because a number of public sector organizations are works to develop low cost solar water heaters. The prices of natural gas and electricity are increasing day by day, so people are adopting solar water heaters and also private sector has already started the production of such heaters.Solar Cooker contrasting public sector organizations have been working to develop low cost and efficient design solar cookers. In HKH region of Pak istan, more than 2000 solar cookers are in use. This number is very small. It needs to be more popularized. Pakistan needs to reduce the use of precious woodland resources as fuel wood and to replace it with solar cookers.Solar DryersSolar energy can be very good option for drying floriculture products. By this, we can get very good quality products at much less cost. Northern mountainous areas like Gilgit and Sakardu are very rich in fruit production like apricots which used to be mindless by tons every year. But now solar dryers are being used to dry large quantities of fruit, which is leaving a positive effect on the economy of this area. Different NGOs are working for the popularizing and the use of such dryers.Solar DesalinationDrinkable water is unobtainable in many parts of Sindh, Baluchistan and southern Punjab and it is very critical issue. resistor water is available but it is highly salty. This saline water is not fit for alcoholism at all and causes many dangerous diseases such as hypertension. Solar energy can be utilized to replace this available saline water into drinkable water. Solar desalination is very simple, low cost and easy to use. Also it is very easy to adopt. A successful solar desalination project is in operation and it is working very mulct and helping to change the life style of the population of Gawader in the Baluchistan province. It consists of 240 stills and each can bonny 6000 gallons of seawater per day.2. fundamental principle And Components Of A PV SystemBasics Of A PV SystemPhotovoltaic is the technology which converts solar energy directly into electricity and this process is carried out though solar cells. Solar cell is a device which converts sun energy into electricity. We can say solar cell as photovoltaic cell as well but solar cell term will be used when the source of light is define as sun but if it is not defined than we can say it as photovoltaic cell.Now geezerhood when entire world is looking for a n eat and unused environment and ask to meet huge energy requirements without disturbing and populating the environment, sustainable energy sources seems to play their important role. Researchers and scientists from all around the world are looking for these types of renewable sources. They are trying to get the energy needs from these renewable energy sources. The main advantages of using renewable energy sources are1. Neat and clean environment2. Yield of energy is higher3. Safer for electricity production as compared to convention methods (low voltage)4. Long life times5. impression maintenance cost6. Use of natural sources which are being wasted with time.These are the reason, why people prefer renewable energy sources. There are different types of renewable energy sources as1. Solar energy2. Wind energy3. Tidal energy4. Geothermal energy5. rove power6. Hydropower7. Bio energyWe will discuss solar energy in detail and its colligate topics in this report. There are different u nits in a PV system and all these units combine to make a full working PV system. These arePV System Components1. PV Panels2. Trackers and tracking system3. Array DC Disconnect4. pulley block diodes5. Charge Controller6. Battery Bank7. System Meter8. principal(prenominal) DC Disconnect9. Inverter10. Kilowatt-Hour Meter11. Backup generatorPV PanelsPV panels are the be components of a PV system, which uses temperateness to make direct current (DC) electricity. Wafers of semiconductor worldly are used for this purpose. They use light (photons) to produce electricity (photovoltaic effect). When the electricity is generated than it powers our electric loads such as lights, computers, and refrigerators. PV panels differ from each other on the basis of power rating in watts which is based on their maximum power generation capacity.Solar cell is the fundamental and grassroots building block in a PV system which acts as power conversion unit of this system. There are different types o f solar cells now days available having different power about 1 or 2 watts. ordinarily solar cells are do of single watch crystal ti and they are limited to about 25% energy. The reason is that they are most sensitive to IRL (infrared light), and the radiations in this region of electromagnetic spectrum are comparatively low in energy.Another type of solar cells is Polycrystalline solar cells. They are made by a special casting process. In this process molten silicon is being poured into a mould, allowed to cool down and then it is sliced into wafers. By this process we can make relatively threepennyer cells as compared to single crystal cells, but their cogency is less than 20%. The reason is that there is internal resistance on the boundaries of silicon crystals which affects the efficiency.The 3rd type of solar cells is amorphous cells and they are made by a special process in which silicon is deposited onto a glass substrate from a reactive gas such as silane (SiH4). T hese types of solar cells are used in solar powered watches and calculators, but now days bigger modules are also manufactured. They are also rather cheap and their efficiency is only up to 10%. The reason is, since amorphous silicon cell has no crystal structure and there are much internal energy losses.Solar cells are not just restrict to semiconductor materials solar cells are available now days which convert sun light into electricity by fundamental molecules. Their efficiency is up to 10%. Apart from various types of silicon, other materials can also be used to make solar cells like certificate of deposit telluride and gallium arsenide. There are different types of cell packings. The most putting green are raw cells, and they are often with cover sheet. Now we have discussed solar cells. These solar are combined together to make a module to get boosted power for practical purposes. Than these modules are combined together to make a panel, these panels are joined together to form a big array.Trackers And introduce SystemSolar tracker is a device on which solar panels are fitted and the motion of the sun is tracked through this device. It ensures that the maximum amount of sunlight will strike to the panel throughout the on the whole day. Actually it is a mounting rack which follows the sun constantly. By using trackers, we can utilize maximum sunlight and thus can produce more electricity. In the morning time, it is low on eastern view while at the sunset it is low at western horizon. But at noonday the position of sun is very high in the sky. This motion is due to the rotation of earth. Trackers keep PV modules perpendicular to incoming sun radiations and maximize the energy production. The increment in the energy production using trackers depends on the site and the type of tracker. Usually energy production increases 25 to 40% annually, which is shown in more detail in the following figure.To get maximum efficiency tracker must be placed in a su itable location. A good tracker site is that on which sun can be seen very early in the morning time and receive sunlight until sunset. There should be no solar obstructions like trees and buildings on the site or near the site in order to work perfectly. Before considering the tracker into system design, an evaluation of the site is done using Solar Pathfinder. Trackers are commonly mounted on ground and use a heavy steel pole which is sunk into a concrete foundation. There are some systems where the trackers are mounted on the roofs, but it can create geomorphological problems. There are two basic types of trackers.1. electrically operated2. thermally operatedThermally Operated TrackersThese trackers are based on jam conveyance of title from one side to the other side of the tracker to track the sun. This transfer of mass causes the tracker to turn from east to west by following the sun. Actually two tubes filled with Freon (which vaporizes and become gas) are mounted on east and west sides of the tracker. With the sunlight, the temperature of Freon becomes higher on one side of tracker, it starts to become vapors. These vapors take more length than as compared to the liquid Freon, which pushes Freon (liquid) to the other side. This transfer of mass from the one side to the other side of the tracker causes the change in the ease of tracker which eventually rotates it to the west. Usually they are slowDesign Of A PV-Diesel Hybrid SystemDesign Of A PV-Diesel Hybrid SystemDesign Of A PV-Diesel Hybrid System And Its Comparison With Grid Connected System In Pakistan1. Project Background And IntroductionIntroductionThe project with respect to this thesis is to design a PV Diesel hybrid system and to compare it with already existed grid connected system. This system is designed for a Jamia Masjid (Islamic center) in Pakpattan, Pakistan. The exact site of the project is a colony of Pakpattan which is in the southwest of the city Pakpattan. The Pakpattan city is situated around 161 Km south west to Lahore. The climate and weather data is almost same for Lahore and Pakpattan. Furthermore it will be first project of its own nature in this area and it will help to design the systems for the residential areas by which a common person can get benefits and get rid of power failures.Pakistan is located between latitude 24 and 37 degrees North and longitude 62 and 75 degrees East. Pakistan has Afghanistan in the north-west, Iran on west boarder, India is on the east, China in the north and the Arabian Sea is on the south. Pakistan is ageographical centre of the Asian Continent because it builds a type of bridge between Far East and Middle East also it has a continental type of climate which can be characterized by extreme variations of temperature. Generally the climate of Pakistan is arid, means very high temperature in summer and low temperatures in winter. High altitudes change the climate in the freezing northern mountains which are covered with snow.There is little rainfall. There are some differences exist distinctly in various locations, e.g. the coastal line along Arabian Sea is usually under warm conditions, whereas the Karakoram mountain range and some other mountains of far north are so cold, completely frozen and covered with snow that these are only visible and accessible by some international world-class climbers for a couple of months of May and June of each year. The variation of daily temperature could be 11 0C to 17 0C but in winters the minimum mean temperature is about 4 0C in January.Pakistan has tremendous recourses of energy but unfortunately due to mismanagement out of 170 million population just 65-70% has access to electricity. Demand is more than supply of energy to residential and industrial sector. Currently Pakistan is facing 3000 MW of power storage and it is expected that in year 2010 the demand will exceed supply by 5500 MW. The current power and electricity demand and supply gap shows tha t there is a big need to increases the current power generation capacity in Pakistan.Aim Of The ThesisThe main aim of the project is to explain the design phase of a single home PV system. The procedures and details of the design are presented with step by step. There are main following aims which are supposed to be fulfilled by this thesis.a) To go through and grab the core knowledge of the designing process.b) To get familiar with different tools used for designing and make selection between them.c) Beyond from bookish knowledge, get to know some real and practical aspects of different PV systems and projects.The body and structure of the thesis is mainly divided into four phases.a) Calculation of the primary load for this specific project with the help of PVSYST version 4b) Division of the load to PV and Diesel Generator according to boundary conditions and design parameters.c) Economical and technical look on already existed grid connected system.d) Comparative study between thi s newly design system and already existed grid connected system in terms of economics, availability and life timeWorld Energy SituationThere are different factors which effect and play an important role in the consumption, demand and availability of energy, for example the consumption by individual user and business is being increased, everyday growing population and new government policies are some of these factors. But the fossil fuels are exhaustible. There are two aspects of the fossil fuels, 1st is their availability and 2nd is those harmful environmental impacts which appear after using and burning of these fossil fuels. It is equally harmful for the present generations as well as for future generations. But with the passage of time more and more people and governments are getting awareness about these impacts.The current energy demand projections can be seen from the facts and figures provided by World Energy Administration (EIA)The total world energy consumption increases fr om 472 quadrillion Btu in 2006 to 552 quadrillion Btu in 2015 and 678 quadrillion Btu in 2030a total increase of 44 percent over the projection periodRenewable Energy Situation Of The WorldWhen the first Renewable Global Status Report was published in 2004, many indicators have shown dramatic gains. In the last four years from the end of 2004 to the end of 2008, solar photovoltaic capacity increased six times which is more than 16 gigawatts (GW). Wind power capacity has been increased 250 percent to 121 GW the total power capacity from new renewable recourses has been increased 75 percent to 280 GW which includes significant gains in small geothermal, hydro, and biomass power generation. During the same period of time, solar heating capacity become double to 145 gigawatts-thermal, while the biodiesel production has been also increased six times to 12 billion liters per year and ethanol production doubled to 67 billion liters per year.The annual percentage gain for the year 2008 was also very amazing and more dramatic. The growth in Wind energy was 29% and grid connected solar PV by 70%. The capacity of utility scale PV plants also increased during this period. Solar hot water systems also grew by 15%. All around the world the governments are changing the policies about the future energy crises and energy markets and policy. In this race the United States of America became the leader and invested $24 billion for new capacity which is 20% of the total global investment. The United States is also leading in adding the total wind energy capacity and also surpassed Germany who was a wind power leader for a long time. Spain has added around 2.6 GW of solar PV, which is a full half of grid connected installations all around the global and five times increase over Spains 2007 additions.China has doubled its capacity to produce wind energy and now ranked at fourth place all around the world. Another significant and important milestone was that the European Union and th e USA added more capacity to produce power from renewable recourses than from conventional energy sources (as gas, oil, coal and nuclear) and it happened for the first time. The industries of Renewable energy boomed mostly during 2008. Global solar PV production was increased by 90% to 6.9 GW in 2008.Energy Profile Of PakistanThe energy profile of Pakistan is inadequate and there are always short falls of energy (electricity) especially during summer. Pakistan needs around 14,000 to 15,000 MW electricity everyday to meet all residential and industrial demands. But Pakistan can produce around 11,500 MW, so it means there is around 3000 MW to 4000 MW short fall. This shortfall was experienced extensively and on its peak this year and affecting industry, commerce and daily life. During this year the shortfall for electricity in rural areas was around 12 to 16 hours and in urban areas it was about 8 to 12 hours. The reasons for this deficiency are limited fossil fuel resources, weak eco nomy and mismanagement of the available energy sources. There are some commercial sources of energy available in Pakistan, they areHydro energyNuclear energyOil and gasConventional fuels like agricultural wastes, animal dung and wood fuel.Here, it is an overview of primary energy supplies in Pakistan in MTOE (TOE ton of oil equivalent. It is an energy unit which is equal to the energy of burning of 1 ton of crude oil which is about 42 GJ)From fig 1.3 it is clear that energy supply of Pakistan is highly dependent on Oil and Gas. Both Oil and Gas contribute more than 79% of total primary energy supplied. The other sources of energy like hydro- electricity, coal, nuclear electricity and imported electricity contribute about 21% of the total share. As energy is essential for all types of production processes. Pakistan has been growing in agricultural and industrial sector during last decade and thats why energy demand is being increased. As population and industry is growing, the daily demand will increase up to 20,000 MW in 2010.Pakistan meets around 75% of its energy needs by oil, gas and hydro electricity production. Natural gas has played an important role to meet the energy needs in recent years. But Pakistan needs to expand its energy resource on permanent bases. In order to overcome this energy shortage, Pakistan needs to expand and develop its indigenous energy resources such as hydropower, wind and solar energy. Pakistan is one of the highest solar insulation areas of the world.Now we will briefly discuss the main energy sources in Pakistan.Natural GasAfter the independence of Pakistan in 1952 Sui natural gas field resources in Baluchistan were discovered first time. The production at Sui started in 1955 and was on its peak in 1985. It was the most productive gas field of Pakistan in early 1990s. In FY 1993 it was accounting 46% of production. After that the second largest gas field was discovered which is also located in Baluchistan at Mari, which was co ntributing 20% of all production. Total 25 gas fields were fully operational in FY 1993. The estimation of recoverable natural gas reserves were estimated around 662.0 billion cubic meters, with an extraction rate around 14.0 billion cubic meters.In order to meet the increasing demand of energy and for future planning, efforts from government are being made to increase the production of gas in the country. To do this exploration activities are the first step. The estimation of recoverable reserves of natural gas was 29.671 trillion cubic feet in January 2009. During July-March 2008-2009 the average production of natural gas was 3986.5 mmcfd (million cubic feet per day) but during the corresponding period of last year it was around 3965.9 mmcfd which shows an increase of around 0.52%. At the moment 26 public and private sector companies are engaged in exploration and production activities of oil and gas in Pakistan.LPGThe contribution of LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is about 0.7% to the total energy supply of Pakistan. LPG is being supplied to many remote areas where the supply of natural gas is not technically suitable. To do this government has changed policies for energy supply and management and as a result of this modification the supply of LPG in 2007-2008 was 601,592 Metric Ton and in last few years the annual cumulative growth rate was 18.2%.years. Around 32,621 MT of LPG was imported during July-March, 2009.CNGThe main reason of encouragement of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) use is to improve environment and to decrease the dependency on other fuels. The price difference between petrol and CNG is about 60.0 percent, thats why vehicles are being converted to CNG day by day and around 2.0 Million vehicles are using CNG. The numbers of CNG stations are also increasing day by day and there are around 2,700 established CNG stations in Pakistan which covers an investment of Rs.70 billion. At present Pakistan is the largest CNG user country.OilThe estimation of recoverable reserves of crude oil in total in Pakistan were around 313 million barrels in January 2009. The average production of crude oil during July-March 2008-09 was 66532 barrels per day. The average production of crude oil during last year was 70166 barrels per day which shows a negative growth of 5.2 percent.The average production of oil in Pakistan remained 67,438 BOPD in 2006-2007. Oil and gas development company and limited (OGDCL) was the biggest oil producing company in Pakistan with a production of around 13.261 million barrels which contribute around 54% of the total oil production per year of Pakistan with an average rate of 36,332 BOPD. After that British Petroleum (BP) is the second largest oil producing company with total contribution of 16% of total oil production in Pakistan. BP produces around 4.025 million barrels averagely with 11,029 BOPD. Pakistan oil fields limited (POL) produced around 3.231 million barrels. There are other small oil production companie s as well in Pakistan.CoalThe total estimation of coal recourses of Pakistan is more than 185 billion tones. Thar coalfield (Sindh province) is the biggest coal source which worth more than 175 billion tones. Pakistans coal is generally ranked from lignite to sub bituminous. The production of coal was decreased in during July-March 2008-09 by 28.8%. About 60.4% of the total coal production is being consumed by the brick kilns industry. Cement industry is also using a large fraction of coal which is around 37.4% and almost all cement industry is being switched on coal from furnace oil. As energy demand is increasing day by day and government is reshaping the energy policies. Due to high prices of imported energy government of Pakistan has decided to increase the share of coal from 05 to 19% in the overall energy mix up to 2030. In view of expected shortfall of energy resources and electricity during the next 10 years the maximum utilization of coal would be needed for power generatio n and gasification. According to government energy security plan, a target has been set which is to generate about 20,000 MW power from coal by 2030 and 50% by 2050.Nuclear EnergyPakistan is the 7th nuclear power of the world. In 2009, the nuclear power plants contribute up to 2.4% share to the total electricity production in Pakistan. Pakistan has two working nuclear reactors which produce about 425 MW power for the generation of electricity. The third nuclear reactor will be operational in spring of 2010. In Pakistan nuclear power contributes very small to the electricity production. The total generating capacity is around 20 GWe while in 2006 98 billion kWh gross was generated. First nuclear power reactor was started in 1971 in KANUPP near Karachi and it has small capacity of 125 MWe and it is pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR). The second unit was started in May 2000 and is known as Chashma-1 in Punjab. It has capacity of 325 MWe. It is pressurized water reactor (PWR) and wa s supplied by Chinas CNNC under safeguards. It is also known as CHASNUPP-1. In December 2005 construction of its twin Chashma-2 was started. It is reported that it cost PKR 51.46 billion (US$ 860 million, $350 million were financed by China).But these sources are not sufficient to overcome this energy crises and Pakistan needs to develop renewable energy sources.Renewable Energy Sources In PakistanPakistan is situated in such a special geographic location that it is blessed with abundant and inexhaustible Renewable Energy (RE) resources. These resources can play an effective and considerable role for the contribution towards energy security of Pakistan. When we look into current world energy scenario in general and energy scenario of Pakistan in particular, the development and adoption of RE technologies makes better sense. Government policies and objectives to develop RE technology are also matching with this sense so that the share of RE in overall energy mix should be at least 5% by the year 2030.Wind potential 0. 346 Million MWSolar potential 2.9 Million MWMini Small Hydel 2,000 MW 9There is a significant potential of wind energy in Pakistan especially in the coastal belt of Baluchistan and Sindh, and also in the desert areas of Punjab and Sindh. However this renewable energy source has not been utilized. AEDB collected the wind data of all Pakistan from Pakistan Metrological Department and was analyzed. On the basis of this collected data and analysis, it was stated that the coastal belt of Pakistan has a God gifted 60 km wide (Gharo-Keti Bandar) and 180 km long (up to Hyderabad) wind corridor. This wind corridor has the potential to generate 50,000 MW of electricity. AEDB has done other different surveys in Gharo and Jhimpir regions and some coastal area of Baluchistan. After these surveys it is concluded that in the south region most of the remote villages can be easily electrified through micro wind turbines. Furthermore it is estimated that in Baluch istan Sindh and Northern areas more than 5000 villages can be electrified through wind energy.Sincere efforts and aggressive lobbying has been done by AEDB with national and international investors to invest and to make them realize the tremendous potentials of RE. AEBD is in negotiations with international companies to set up their business in Pakistan. However large wind mills have not been installed yet but 30 wind mills for water pumping have been installed on experimental basis in different parts of Baluchistan and Sindh. In southern coastal areas of Pakistan remote villages are currently electrified with energy and so far more than 17 villages have been electrified using micro wind turbines.Around 95% of total electricity generation is from hydropower in Pakistan. But during summer in hottest and driest months of the year it becomes less productive and cannot meet the energy demands. Also, around 70% of the population lives in 50,000 villages. Many of these villages are very f ar from the main transmission lines and also it is not economically viable to connect these small villages to the main grid due to their small population. On the other hand solar energy has excellent and significant potential. Pakistan is one of those countries which receive solar radiations at high level throughout the year. Every day it receives an average of about 19 MJ/m2 of solar energy. Studies have been already done and solar systems have been developed and tested.There is a list of different projects which are completed by Pakistan council of Renewable energy technology.Potential Of PV In PakistanThe location of Pakistan is very ideal to take advantage of solar energy as a source of energy because Pakistan is in the Sun Belt region. Solar energy is available abundantly and widely distributed all around the country. Following figure shows solar insolation map for Pakistan. The map shows around 200-250 W/m2 per day. The Baluchistan province is very rich in solar energy. It rec eives around 19-20 MJ/m2 per day averagely which is equal to 1.93-2.03 MWh/ m2 per day with annual 8-8.5 mean annual sunshine hours. These conditions are ideal for PV and solar energy applications.Solar energy is very good option for off-grid villages. There are around 75,000 off-grid villages which contains 4 million homes and every home accommodates around 4-5 people. These off-grid villages are situated in the Baluchistan and Frontier Province. AEDB has set a target to electrify a thousand villages via solar technology by the year 2010. In this respect the first contract has been given to the Sehgal electronics group (Pakistan). Each home which is electrified with PV will have around 400 W power supply and lead acid batteries for overnight storage. There are also other plans to have local production using PV modules with and estimation of this production is around 3MW/year.Possible Routes For Solar PV In PakistanThe global demand of PV equipment is increasing day by day and due t o this fact the prices for PV systems, equipment and electricity has gone down remarkably. PV could be exploited in Pakistan through following two routes.Off-grid Or Stand-Alone SectorStand-alone systems generate electricity independently of the utility grid. Stand alone systems can be a very good option for the remote areas and very deep located villages, where the extension of power transmission lines would be more costly. Also it could be implemented in environmentally sensitive areas as parks, remote homes and cabins. In rural areas, it could be used for solar water pumps and farm lighting. 12Grid-Connected SectorGrid-connected PV systems supply extra power when the home systems power supply is not sufficient to fulfill the load. These systems remove the need of battery bank. In some situation, utilities allow net metering, by which the owner can sell extra power back to the utility.Current Solar Energy Applications In PakistanBoth PV and solar thermal have a wide range of appli cations in Pakistan. Although the scale of utilization and adoption has been very small but it has been utilized for last 25 years in Pakistan. Different applications mainly PV and solar thermal applications are summarized as.PhotovoltaicsEighteen PV stations were built by the government in the early 1980s to electrify different villages the country. The installed capacity was nearly 440 kW but due to the lack of technical knowledge and follow up, these systems could not perform as required. Currently in Pakistan solar energy is being used for telephone exchanges stand alone rural electrification, cathodic protection, highway emergency telephones and vaccine refrigeration in hospitals. In different parts of Baluchistan, about 20 solar water pumps have been installed for drinking purposes by The Public Health Department. The northern and western area of Pakistan are mostly hilly and mountain areas (Hindu Kush-Himalayas, HKH region), which are blessed with a lot of sunshine with 4-6 k Wh/m2 daily average solar radiation. Seven solar stations were installed in this region in the late 1980s for lighting by different companies. The total capacity of these systems was 234 kW. They are not in operation now due maintenance problems.SIEMENS Pakistan has installed many stand alone solar systems in Pakistan. On the Lahore-Islamabad Motorway, it has installed power supply systems for many microwave-link repeater stations and more than 350 emergency call boxes.Solar Thermal ApplicationsThere are many applications which utilize solar energy directly by utilizing its heat characteristics. Such applications are much simple, low cost and easy to adopt. The applications include heating and cooling of homes and buildings, cooking, water heating for domestic and industrial use and drying agricultural products. A brief description of such applications in Pakistan is given here.Solar Water HeatersThis technology is quite mature in Pakistan but very limited because of its higher capi tal cost as compared to conventional water heaters which operate on natural gas. But in last couple of years it has started to gain popularity because a number of public sector organizations are working to develop low cost solar water heaters. The prices of natural gas and electricity are increasing day by day, so people are adopting solar water heaters and also private sector has already started the production of such heaters.Solar CookerDifferent public sector organizations have been working to develop low cost and efficient design solar cookers. In HKH region of Pakistan, more than 2000 solar cookers are in use. This number is very small. It needs to be more popularized. Pakistan needs to reduce the use of precious forest resources as fuel wood and to replace it with solar cookers.Solar DryersSolar energy can be very good option for drying agriculture products. By this, we can get very good quality products at much less cost. Northern mountainous areas like Gilgit and Sakardu are very rich in fruit production like apricots which used to be wasted by tons every year. But now solar dryers are being used to dry large quantities of fruit, which is leaving a positive effect on the economy of this area. Different NGOs are working for the popularizing and the use of such dryers.Solar DesalinationDrinkable water is unavailable in many parts of Sindh, Baluchistan and southern Punjab and it is very critical issue. Underground water is available but it is highly saline. This saline water is not fit for drinking at all and causes many dangerous diseases such as hypertension. Solar energy can be utilized to convert this available saline water into drinkable water. Solar desalination is very simple, low cost and easy to use. Also it is very easy to adopt. A successful solar desalination project is in operation and it is working very fine and helping to change the life style of the population of Gawader in the Baluchistan province. It consists of 240 stills and each can c lean 6000 gallons of seawater per day.2. Basics And Components Of A PV SystemBasics Of A PV SystemPhotovoltaic is the technology which converts solar energy directly into electricity and this process is carried out though solar cells. Solar cell is a device which converts sun energy into electricity. We can say solar cell as photovoltaic cell as well but solar cell term will be used when the source of light is defined as sun but if it is not defined than we can say it as photovoltaic cell.Now days when entire world is looking for a neat and clean environment and want to meet huge energy requirements without disturbing and populating the environment, sustainable energy sources seems to play their important role. Researchers and scientists from all around the world are looking for these types of renewable sources. They are trying to get the energy needs from these renewable energy sources. The main advantages of using renewable energy sources are1. Neat and clean environment2. Yield o f energy is higher3. Safer for electricity production as compared to convention methods (low voltage)4. Long life times5. Low maintenance cost6. Use of natural sources which are being wasted with time.These are the reason, why people prefer renewable energy sources. There are different types of renewable energy sources as1. Solar energy2. Wind energy3. Tidal energy4. Geothermal energy5. Wave power6. Hydropower7. Bio energyWe will discuss solar energy in detail and its related topics in this report. There are different units in a PV system and all these units combine to make a full working PV system. These arePV System Components1. PV Panels2. Trackers and tracking system3. Array DC Disconnect4. Blocking diodes5. Charge Controller6. Battery Bank7. System Meter8. Main DC Disconnect9. Inverter10. Kilowatt-Hour Meter11. Backup GeneratorPV PanelsPV panels are the defining components of a PV system, which uses sunlight to make direct current (DC) electricity. Wafers of semiconductor mater ial are used for this purpose. They use light (photons) to produce electricity (photovoltaic effect). When the electricity is generated than it powers our electric loads such as lights, computers, and refrigerators. PV panels differ from each other on the basis of power rating in watts which is based on their maximum power generation capacity.Solar cell is the fundamental and basic building block in a PV system which acts as power conversion unit of this system. There are different types of solar cells now days available having different power about 1 or 2 watts. Usually solar cells are made of single crystal silicon and they are limited to about 25% efficiency. The reason is that they are most sensitive to IRL (infrared light), and the radiations in this region of electromagnetic spectrum are relatively low in energy.Another type of solar cells is Polycrystalline solar cells. They are made by a special casting process. In this process molten silicon is being poured into a mould, al lowed to cool down and then it is sliced into wafers. By this process we can make relatively cheaper cells as compared to single crystal cells, but their efficiency is less than 20%. The reason is that there is internal resistance on the boundaries of silicon crystals which affects the efficiency.The third type of solar cells is amorphous cells and they are made by a special process in which silicon is deposited onto a glass substrate from a reactive gas such as silane (SiH4). These types of solar cells are used in solar powered watches and calculators, but now days bigger modules are also manufactured. They are also rather cheap and their efficiency is only up to 10%. The reason is, since amorphous silicon cell has no crystal structure and there are much internal energy losses.Solar cells are not just restricted to semiconductor materials solar cells are available now days which convert sun light into electricity by organic molecules. Their efficiency is up to 10%. Apart from vario us types of silicon, other materials can also be used to make solar cells like cadmium telluride and gallium arsenide. There are different types of cell packings. The most common are raw cells, and they are often with cover sheet. Now we have discussed solar cells. These solar are combined together to make a module to get boosted power for practical purposes. Than these modules are combined together to make a panel, these panels are joined together to form a big array.Trackers And Tracking SystemSolar tracker is a device on which solar panels are fitted and the motion of the sun is tracked through this device. It ensures that the maximum amount of sunlight will strike to the panel throughout the whole day. Actually it is a mounting rack which follows the sun constantly. By using trackers, we can utilize maximum sunlight and thus can produce more electricity. In the morning time, it is low on eastern horizon while at the sunset it is low at western horizon. But at noon the position o f sun is very high in the sky. This motion is due to the rotation of earth. Trackers keep PV modules perpendicular to incoming sun radiations and maximize the energy production. The increment in the energy production using trackers depends on the site and the type of tracker. Usually energy production increases 25 to 40% annually, which is shown in more detail in the following figure.To get maximum efficiency tracker must be placed in a suitable location. A good tracker site is that on which sun can be seen very early in the morning time and receive sunlight until sunset. There should be no solar obstructions like trees and buildings on the site or near the site in order to work perfectly. Before considering the tracker into system design, an evaluation of the site is done using Solar Pathfinder. Trackers are usually mounted on ground and use a heavy steel pole which is sunk into a concrete foundation. There are some systems where the trackers are mounted on the roofs, but it can cr eate structural problems. There are two basic types of trackers.1. Electrically operated2. Thermally operatedThermally Operated TrackersThese trackers are based on mass transfer from one side to the other side of the tracker to track the sun. This transfer of mass causes the tracker to turn from east to west by following the sun. Actually two tubes filled with Freon (which vaporizes and become gas) are mounted on east and west sides of the tracker. With the sunlight, the temperature of Freon becomes higher on one side of tracker, it starts to become vapors. These vapors take more space than as compared to the liquid Freon, which pushes Freon (liquid) to the other side. This transfer of mass from the one side to the other side of the tracker causes the change in the balance of tracker which eventually rotates it to the west. Usually they are slow

The Impact Of Globalization On Engineering Companies

The wedge Of b either-shapedisation On Engineering Companies ball-shapedisation is one of the prominent features in the current trend of evolution for republical economies. Companies and Nations can be standed with large potential profits through globalisation, but it is more than complicated to utilize because of across-the-boardly differing expectations, standard of living, cultures and determine as rise as surprising global cause-and-effect linkages. 1Financial globalisation Combination of sedentary pecuniary g oernance of a particular verdant with inter subject field organization as well as financial markets. Financial globalization acts as a safety against national shocks, an excellent frame for the global allocation of resources in a more efficient way. 2Production sphericalization Producers are getting more benefits from different cultures cheap labors all around the modelion, due to which institution has convey the global village. Companies prefer another(prenominal)(a) parts of the world, where point of intersections are available at lower price. Other reason for this is avail mogul of natural resources in the terra firma preferred facility plyd by that sylvan for foreign investments.This has a wide application addressed as offsetion globalization, which postulate higher scientific clayal k flatledge countries with highly skilled people. 3Competitive globalization In world where global competition is change magnitudely mothering, nation has become more, non less, prominent. stand of competition being shifted more more, the generation orientation of acquaintance, role of nation has flourished. Competitive advantages is generated and approved through a highly confined growth.salmagundi in national pass judgments, culture, sparingalalal buildings, institutions histories are all devoted to war kindred success. Companies achieve free-enterprise(a) advantage through acts of innovation with broades t sense, including the clean slipway new technologies, this helps in perceiving an enti swan new market opport unit of measurementy. orbicularization of industriousness plan science al shipway helps in creating new winners also losers at bottom the national economy for the competition to be more stronger. 4Basic step of globalization is that, it is an intensified transference of alter of things betwixt pre-constituted units, being they are political, economic and cultural. Thus, planetaryization signifies a process of change which originates at the level of unit in terms of unintended consequences of interaction between units. 5 misgiving of globalization can be accomplished in terms of range of quantifys across the below mentioned four characteristics. When we see how far it r to each onees, broader geographical effectuate could be experienced in events and actions that take vagabond. Globalization involves social, political economic activities being stretched and once it is implemented onto the process, one part of the world has an increasing effect on the situations in the other parts of world.http//t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcTBMX7rPCg3IhrcLq9BVCHUHJAqtsGMIvMazbRNCChdlvBT6obQFig Understanding the concept of globalization. (Google Images)Speed of global interconnections processes are uncertain. Results of developments in travel and chat technology thrust larger velocity. Impact of Globalization cannot be judge only in single type, but there are four different types of move or outcome.Decisional Impact What are the effects of globalizing processes? How do individuals, corporations, organization government make decisions?Institutional Impact How the agendas of organizations and individuals are changed and structure their preferences regarding choices and influences?Distributive Impact How is the distribution of way, wealth power within and among the countries changed? geomorphological Impact How are the patterns behavior structur ed? This contains Social patterns, political patterns, economic patterns etc. 6Source of lot of disputes over globalization involves different perceptions and the criteria use in conceptualizing and defining it.Globalization of whatever market is at hand. The hefty force drive arises by comprising the commonality of the technology. This has troika distinct abilities over the idea of Globalization, as explained below. (Source-International sociology p-180)Globalization as Transference implies that there is an fill in across the existing unit boundaries, units and systems but it is presumed to be identical to each other.Considering this interpretation, concept of globalization is an individuals ontology, which is logically open for methodological structuring possibilities. Hence takes place at an inside out direction in its flow.Following this logic of transference, we mother an intense condensation of consequences today with larger systems being coupled over a corresponding ina bility to account for how the transformation of units mogul occur in process. So when there is a certain effect, it is practical to argue that globalization has a new geographical extension of area authority for pushing forward the process, while modern state corpse as a globalization vehicle. (Source-International sociology p-184)Globalization as faulting is a process which occurs at system level, affecting both system and individuality of units in equal proportion.This concept is distinct from the first concept which defines the concept of globalization as a multidimensional process that takes place remote in. But there is continuity between them, wherein this second concept theorizes just about what is left out and rendered enigmatically by the first concept. Transformation preserves the distinction between unit and the system, but relativizes problematizes the system by turning it into a same level of units analyzed as its divisor parts. From this point of view, globaliz ation might be made to look both necessary irreversible. (Source-International sociology P-186)Globalization as Transcendence implies those distinctions that together condition unit, system and dimension identity. Under this case, the Globalization is neither inside out nor orthogonal in but rather a process that dissolves the divide between inside and outside.This concept is harder than that of transformation, because its concepts are beyond conventional theoretical categories. Globalization exploits change not only to identify the units system, but also to the conditions of creation of objects of enquiry and the fields where they are temporalized as per the requirement of human knowledge, thusly deriving the globalization forward in a dynamic irreducible form within particular dimensions. 5Impact of GlobalizationPeople rely more on market economy which has provided more faith in private large(p) resources, wherein International organizations started playing vital role in d eveloping Industries giving fair meeting to certain extent by giving varied opportunities.http//www.fotosearch.com/bthumb/ICN/ICN219/F0015451.jpgIt helped in ameliorate better amentaceousness, hence improving standard of living. These are the positive impacts of Globalization over the Industries. The negative impact of globalization has thrown uncertain challenges like inequality across within industries a unyielding with market and environmental situations becoming worse. Industries being guarded by trade, investments financial issues, Liberalization process took the pace of Globalization.Financial globalization impact is huge in the composition of national international capital markets. The verifying system was mostly stirred it had to experience the dis-intermediation.http//t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcRrMsuwZagwCgZtdlvGarflv8WtMe8wwn7gLFHuIdM2SwzhSK38rAPositive Impact Enhanced capital flow in each every country with which a country at any time is ready to face the f inancial confrontation. working capital flow between nations enlarged, which resulted in a well-organized way Improvement in the standard of living.Negative impact Poor economy of any country would be affected by financial shocks of different countries. It would cause a severe disorder apostrophize high for stock market turbulence, bank failures, corporate bankruptcies, currency depreciation, etc.For financially developed countries, financial globalization would reap out an extremely advantageous output. 7Impact of Competitive globalization- Globalization has created fast growing market that stimulates new competition, demands higher level of force requires true ability in supply chain development. Globalization of constancy technology promises to accelerate transnational integration cross-fertilisation in engineer, technology and management.http//t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcRnTBkbtQLFxjzqpMHpcT35VTbgrkxliOTxbhXoynzCICu388zGlgFig Competitive Globalization. (Google ima ges)Competitive globalization of technical activities improves the difference and erudition of current stock of world engineering and resources thereby provide greater stimulus to economic growth and technological development. 8Impact of Production Globalization- major measures initiated as a part of the liberalisation and globalisation schema in the early nineties included scrapping of the industrial licensing regime, reduction in the specialization, subject of the ownership and the restrictive trade practice act, start of the privatisation programme, reduction in tariff rates and change over to the market determined exchange rates.http//t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcQtzwR1iADc_QOa2sHQDTdvo4QSGRu-RHNJ5TT_SBE5RX8OZsTdFig Production Globalization (Google Images)India has to centre on five consequential areas to achieve the rear goal. The areas like technological entrepreneurship, new argument openings for undersized and medium enterprises, importance of quality managemen t, new prospects in rural areas and privatisation of financial institutions. The manufacturing of technology and management of technology are two different operative areas in the country. 9Globalization has umpteen positive, contemporary enterprising aspects so as to increase the market annoy, capital access access to technology which improves the income habit opportunities.Intensified competition given through the transfer of investments, output rapid structural changes is the main principle of globalization. But if there is any squash from globalization, it would affect the employment relations at regional, national international levels.Source- kind resource champions (Dave Ulrich) p-176Important Effects of Globalization are raising competitiveness, motility of economic activities, structural changes in economy, increased integration of global economic activities, improving technological advancements, increased innovation and skill mismatch. Impact of globalization v aries considerably according to the organizational settings within each country this example influences the employer strategies business interests. Source- Human Resource Champions (Dave Ulrich) P-181 10Challenges of GlobalizationThe influence of globalization example describes extent to which the firms respond to the opportunities threats evinced by Globalization it is characterized by management initiatives to vary business tactics, marketing activities general series of tactical exercises in intellectual move characterized by craftiness.Challenge Earth PuzzleProminent challenges of globalization are, competitive horizon is dominated by globalization.Globalization entails new ways of thinking about business it may be regarding new markets, products, reason sets or competencies. Complex network of global centers of excellence is ask for good global competencies.Developing countries when integrated into global economy will open difficult challenges which are worth gainin g. This is to be more significantly achieved by industrial Developing countries. This provides an opportunity to improve the welfare over the long term.Wide ranging impact of globalization touches on many basic philosophical questions that give raise to different challenges. Globalization challenges to the traditional assumptions like good quantitative increase in and intensification of social relations. 11Detailed Description of Globalization impact over the service, product financial issuesTo hear this whole concept, allow us consider an example to be the context wherein I shake up considered QUEST GLOBAL to explain this whole concept.http//www.quest-global.com/images/ take_logo.gifFig indicate Global (questglobal.com)Growing is easy when fellowship is small, but growing is not as easy when the same accompany grows bigger.Quest global is a atomic number 82 provider of diversified engineering manufacturing function globally.It employs over 2000 professionals and has del ivery centers in India, USA, Italy, Japan, Germany, France, Singapore, UK Spain.Quest Global is ranked World No.1 in Engineering wait on Outsourcing by the Black Book of Outsourcing 2009. Quest Manufacturing specializes in preciseness manufacturing for aerospace, self-propelling and industrial components, power generation, large scale turnkey fabrication, programme and manufacturing of running play rigs, tooling, fixtures and gages.Quest has partnered with more than 10,000 companies around globe. It is a globalized company which is more permanent in the systems management market for more than 20 geezerhood fling solid brand recognition. All over the world guests have selected Quest Global because of its product innovation passion, deep manufacturing expertise main centering over the consumer needs. 12mileposts At first, found Ajit Prabhu Aravind Melligeri in New York (Chairman and Chief decision maker Officer) after which Quest Global India was set up in Bangalore. It acq uired a position of exceeder in providing Computer Aided Engineering consulting function, so as to enter the automotive humanity. Finally by 2 years of hard work, it received its ISO 90012000 certification. Next step was getting appointed by Ansys, as its first-of-its-kind Centre of excellence in India.http//www.hfmametrony.org/Portals/0/Milestones_side.jpgFig Milestone (Google images)It signed up with United Technologies in Aero scope commonwealth to provide good services. Wholly owned subsidiary was set up in Italy with its office at Florence, then in China with its office at Hangzhou. It received funding from Carlyle group that invested so as to improve its facilities to access new customers or markets. Wholly owned subsidiary was set up in Japan with its office in Yokohama City. Expanding of Aerospace manufacturing and Magellan Aero scope Quest Global Manufacturing signs a 10 year strategic agreement. Both Quest Global and Magellan launch Indias first special processing fac ility for aerospace manufacturing. It received the apportion ISO 27001 for product development and engineering roots promoters bought back the Carlyle stake. It achieved AS9100 Certification for aerospace manufacturing.Quest global becomes 1st India private sector player qualified globally to offer end to end solutions to EADS (European Aeronautic Defence Space Company). Quest manufacturing sets up a sheet metal fabrication facility for aerospace. Company got the poster from Government of India to lease out land at its precision engineering SEZ (Special Economic Zones) at Belgaum, India. It won competitive strategy leadership grant from Frost Sullivan. It acquired ASE (Automotive Service Excellence) Technologies. It was awarded International Head Quarters Status by EDB (Economic Development Board), Singapore.Quest Globals commitment to quality and distinguished record in Engineering Consulting Services and Manufacturing has enabled it to establish a leadership position in most of its service offerings. With a best-in-class global leadership team, Quest Global is recognized as one of the largest pure play engineering services player, providing integrated product development and build solutions across the engineering services mensurate chain. 13After looking at all these achievements, we can understand how well this company is influenced by the production competitive efficiencies and has helped the company to grow in a well-developed manner globally all over the world. The mint of this company is to be most recognized respected global product development solutions partner to their customers. With respect to these visions, the company has its mission set which is to conjure up the profitability of their customers through globalization.The core values for acquiring this mission arehttp//www.eaaev.org/images/mission-statement.jpgclient focus.Change championship.Teamwork.Accountability.To provide the globalized engineering service, they made use of polar soft skills with the closing curtain that, there is no one size fits to all solution for managing that satisfying level of end users. According to their opinion, customer blood management communication were important for which the result would be seen in the milestones mentioned above. there is a tremendous change experienced in outsourcing characteristics which is aiming towards the tactical strategic benefits globally. Initially started with the availability of resources, which is now transformed into strategic initiatives like diversity, new capabilities catching up new markets trend for increase in productivity profitability of company. This has given major challenges ahead before achieving the goal that is set by the company.The solution for these major challenges was an excellent program managing framework, which helped in achieving the goals, husband implement increasing benefits within the company. The foremost and key thriving operator for the success of globaliz ation is an effective efficient framework for managing the program in more productive manner.This process includes understanding customer needs, new value propositions based on the extracted needs, implementation of approved value propositions, value step-up which helped in continuously improving. All these factors were achieved only through efficient arrange with end users, management, sponsors, team members, supporting functions and suppliers for the relevant integration and control of respective(a) processes.Once the goals are being set into the framework, it is very important that urinate objectives are to be defined for the whole process to be successful. In most of globalized environments all the parameters are framed for the growth support of the business, increase in the return of investment (margin velocity), continuously customizing the customer needs not losing any opportunities.The driving factor that contributes to pull push system required highly motivated and energetic leadership which plays the vital role and to fight back for changes that may occur drastically. All processes were made flexible, mature capable at all stages- program, project, task activity. Resulting output with standards were made acceptable by appearance, domain or the function. This success was made possible by establishing proper vision, mission, growth, n finally implementing these road maps with effective controlling changing these maps according to the customer requirements. SWOT analysis was more reliable for understanding the customer needs by filling the frequent gaps or risk analysis. To foster the quality, diminutive process tools were used in the framework. Techniques like Manage by temperamental around (MBWA) Manage by action items (MBAI) were used as a key drive to the success.This company has three different domains in which it has been successful all these years they are Aerospace, Automotive Industrial products. When we just concentrate on how this company has improved globally within all these three domains individually, we get to know different characteristics from each and every domain. Looking into the Quest Manufacturing domain, it specializes in manufacturing products with precision, fabrication of sheet metal, tool design development, aerospace gauges fixtures, special processing, Industrial automotive verticals. Customized end-to-end solution is provided by flexible and modular blast from design to manufacturing this skips the cost value being increased.When exploring Quest Engineering domain, this company provides modified manufacturing engineering services. This company helps customers in different fields like industrial products, consumer electronics, in aerospace, health care, oil gas, power generation so as to cut product development costs, shortening lead times, maximising the availability of resources, extending capacity by providing the complete support across the product life cycle from design modeling through analysis, prototyping, automation, data documentation, orchestration controls, embedded systems development, manufacturing support, vender management in-house precision machining. 14They utilize a regular approach called Global product development in order to bring resources together and manage from low cost regions to improve the customers profitability. It also uses SEZ for precision engineering which provides best-in-class facilities infrastructure for aerospace industry.CUsersNamrathaDesktopashwiniCapture.PNGFig (a) Increased Variation in achievement of the company in previous years. (Image from trusted source)Influence of financial, competitive production globalization on the relationship of Quest-Global and its client world-wide includes lot many significant factors. They areMindset We will do.There are 3 important mindset over which the company must focus for the productive outcome. They are It will buy the farm, It may or may not happen or Its not going to happen. Chances of the companys success increases dramatically only when the process starts with We can do it mindset.Quality Delivery- Customers are God.No service business can sustain grow if it is not able to cherish its customers. repeat business makes the issue possible. Quality always comes first, cost always comes next.Customer Focus Listen to the Customers.Customers are the vital players of any company are business, because they are the providers of Statement of work they are the individuals who give purchase orders. give on value drivenIt is not just the job we have to perform, but it is our mission. This must be the attitude of people involved in work in any company. This was the concern each every histrion in this company which has increased the global position of this company to a very large extent as shown in the graph. Information from trusted sourceThe other two important factors that are influencing the growth of this company worldwide drastically are Outsourcing Off-shoring.To make the product development cost minimum, to shorten the lead time, for the capacity to be extended, engineering resources to be maximized, the company use the proficiency of Outsourcing.To build deliver the products that are better and cheaper, to minimize the developing costs, to reduce the lead time, maximizing the resources, the technique of Off-shore engineering service is being used.This transforms the vendor company into a global force. Hence, this company is one of the top off-shore engineering companies for its resilience as a mature stable for their clients.Quests expertise in outsourcing engineering services ranges from concept design, detailing analysis, to product realization solution in all fields like aerospace, civil structures, power generation, industrial products, oil gas and transportation. They provide better, faster more value-optimized solutions through global product development framework. 15ConclusionBy realizing their futur e goal, they clocked the revenue value fixed per every headcount in the company to certain value for certain time period. Even under that recession period that occurred in 2008, it grew its revenue by 15%. This had an effect of growth mindset, strong cost controls cautious spending which helped them in sailing over complications without making any undeniable choices across the board until this point of their global journey.http//t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcQDS4AnZna9f_qOuJaY7tOS6hGlBctOF8PwL1Cu9Y78BkRXqjtVFig conclusion (Google images)They also used the strong key factors to stand strong over the global market they are committed team members, focused strategy on strategic accounts, ability to adapt and meet the client needs. The company looks its future goals in a very promising way, due to which they are backed by strong bonding with their strategic accounts with Rolls Royce, Pratt Whitney, GE, Hamilton, Sundstrand, PG, EADS and several other emerging accounts.Their belief i n saying, Past success does not guaranty the future success has helped them in achieving a drive of 40% growth every year. This result has created a dynamic market that has stimulated a strong competitive environment within the company and also the demands have reached a very high level of efficiency, this also requires true ability in supply chain development for both Financial and production impact. The Industry technology they are using, it promises to accelerate transnational integration cross-fertilization in all sectors of engineering, technical management.Bringing together and managing resources from low cost regions has helped them enhance their customers profitability. The usage of automation tool in production domain has helped the user in cut the design cycle time considerably which provides with more accurate and detailed information. All the design rules and logics are now incorporated inside the master models which help in better knowledge management. The migratio n from 2D to 3D CAD platform has helped the user in reducing design errors and provides better visualization of the product. The standardization of the product structure and design practice and automating the same has given the user an edge over its competitors. 15Their competitive globalization of technical activities has promised to improve the differences depth of current stock of world engineering and resources thereby providing the greater stimulus to the economic growth technological development. Information from trusted source