Diabetes :: essays research papers

Diabetes (diabetes mellitus)Diabetes is a disease characterized by excessive urination. Diabetes mellitus is caused by insufficient insulin merchandise or lack of responsiveness to insulin, resulting in hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels). in that respect are 2 primary lawsuits of diabetes mellitus, type I (insulin-dependent or juvenile-onset), which may be caused by an autoimmune response, and type II (non-insulin-dependent or adult-onset). Diabetes insipidus is typically due to hormonal dysregulation.Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder caused by an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin, an anabolic hormone. Insulin is produced in the pancreas by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. Absence, destruction, or loss of these cells causes an absolute deficiency of insulin, leading to type 1 diabetes (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus IDDM). Most children with diabetes have IDDM and a lifetime dependency on exogenous insulin. Type 2 diabetes (no ninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus adult-onset diabetes mellitus) is a heterogeneous disorder. Patients with NIDDM have insulin resistance, and their beta cells lack the ability to overcome this resistance. Although this form of diabetes previously was uncommon in children, 20% or more of new patients with diabetes in childhood and adolescence now have NIDDM, a change associated with increased range of obesity. Insulin is essential to process lettuce, expound, and protein. Insulin reduces blood glucose levels by allowing glucose to enter muscle cells and fill in cells and by stimulating the conversion of glucose to glycogen as a carbohydrate store. Insulin also inhibits the release of stored glucose from liver glycogen and slows the breakdown of fat to triglycerides, assoil fatty acids, and ketones. Additionally, insulin slows the breakdown of protein for glucose production. Hyperglycemia results when insulin deficiency leads to uninhibited gluconeogenesis and prevents the use and store of circulating glucose. The kidneys cannot reabsorb the excess glucose load, causing glycosuria, osmotic diuresis, thirst, and dehydration. Increased fat and protein breakdown leads to ketone production and weight loss. Without insulin, a child with IDDM wastes by and eventually dies from diabetic ketoacidosis.Information on mortality rates is unenviable to ascertain without complete national registers of childhood diabetes, although age-specific mortality probably is prototype that of the general population. Particularly at risk are children aged 1-4 old age who may die with DKA at the time of diagnosis. Adolescents also are a high-risk group. Most deaths result from delayed diagnosis or miss treatment and subsequent cerebral edema during treatment for DKA, although untreated hypoglycaemia also causes some deaths.